South African mediator Charles Nqakula arrived in Burundi 20 Oct in effort to broker agreement between govt and Palipehutu-FNL, without success. Talks stalled over FNL demand to transition to political party and contest 2010 elections with same name; govt cited constitutional bar on political appeals to ethnicity. Regional team including Nqakula, and South African, Ugandan, Tanzanian FMs expected to return to increase pressure. Muyinga province court 23 Oct sentenced 4 officers, 1 to death, for 2006 massacre of 30 civilians suspected of supporting FNL, in first case into Burundian military abuses. Govt 6 Oct tightened restrictions on political assembly, limiting to weekend hours and requiring presence of regional officials.

President Bozizé 13 Oct approved revised amnesty law after previous version prompted rebel groups to abandon peace talks; requirement for rebels to disarm within 60 days or forfeit amnesty drew mixed reactions: APRD rejected deal, UFDR approved. UN mission in CAR (MINURCAT) 10 Oct said national army primarily responsible for rising human rights abuses.

Chadian rebel groups met in Sudan mid-Oct, reportedly to form political and military alliance for new campaign against govt; from Khartoum went to El Geneina near border. EUFOR reports that rebels rearming. Chadian army ANT preparing for possible new attack, with mid-Oct deployments in Adré. Belgium took over command of EUFOR special forces 15 Oct. First contingent of UN-trained Chadian troops, Détachement Intégré de Securité (DIS), deployed to east 24 Oct. AU delegation met 11 Oct with UN Dep SRSG to assess humanitarian situation in east and peace process. President Deby met with Sudanese First VP Salva Kiir 13 Oct in further move to normalise relations. MSF suspended activities in east early Oct after bandit attacks.

Violence escalated in east as army and MONUC forces failed to contain major advances by Laurent Nkunda’s CNDP rebels, while tensions mounted over Rwandan support for Congolese Tutsi Nkunda. As CrisisWatch went to press, fragile ceasefire holding but risks still high. After heavy assaults on N Kivu military bases, CNDP from 26 Oct took Rutshuru and moved to limits of regional capital Goma, declaring ceasefire 29 Oct. Tens of thousands fled as army abandoned positions southwards toward Bukavu, looting and raping civilians in and around Goma. IDP camps in Rutshuru reported razed 31 Oct. Hundreds rallied 27 Oct calling for stronger UN action, stoning UN vehicles. Kinshasa accused Kigali of incursions in support of CNDP, Kigali denied; UN confirmed FDLR and other Rwandan militia fighting alongside DRC troops (see Rwanda). U.S. diplomats, UK and French FMs arrived 30 Oct-1 Nov for talks with Kinshasa and Kigali; EU Commissioner Michel 31 Oct announced Presidents Kabila and Kagame agreed to participate in planned AU regional summit. UN SRSG Alan Doss 28 Oct called for reinforcements; UNSC 29 Oct urged end to attacks, deferred decision on increasing troop strength. In separate fighting in Ituri, suspected Ugandan LRA rebels continued attacks on north east villages, clashing with army – UN says up to 50,000 displaced since mid-Sept (see Uganda); new militia FPJC early month attacked military bases near Bunia. Kabila named Adolphe Muzito new PM following Gizenga’s Aug resignation, drawing from PALU party in line with coalition terms. In ongoing uncertainty surrounding ICC case against former UPC militia leader Thomas Lubanga, appeals chamber 21 Oct confirmed stay of proceedings, remanded decision on release.

Relations with DRC intensified with reports Rwandan troops stationed at DRC border launched late-month cross-border incursions in support of CNDP rebels; UN 10 Oct confirmed DRC army colluding with Rwandan militia FDLR, FAR, including some perpetrators of 1994 genocide (see DRC). New RPF-led parliament sworn in 6 Oct following Sept legislative elections, with historic female majority. 4 former high-ranking ministers began trial before ICTR for genocide, crimes against humanity. ICTR 8 Oct refused to transfer cases to Rwanda justice system.

Last UNMEE peacekeeping contingent left border 15 Oct; UNSG Ban 13 Oct transmitted final report of Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) on border dispute to UNSC. EEBC concluded that since no action taken by parties to demarcate on ground, boundary demarcated by coordinates. Eritrea reiterated acceptance of EEBC’s final ruling; Ethiopia did not respond.

Commission of inquiry into post-election violence, established as part of Feb 2008 power-sharing deal, 15 Oct reported to President Kibaki: found politicians on all sides stirred up violence, recommended creation of special tribunal to try those behind violence – charges may include crimes against humanity. Commission produced secret list of alleged high-level perpetrators, to be passed to tribunal or if no tribunal, International Criminal Court. List given to former UNSG Kofi Annan who strongly backed tribunal. Report said state security agencies failed to prepare for violence, police force in need of overhaul. Kibaki 20 Oct voiced support for amnesty in face of divisions within coalition govt parties on whether to implement tribunal, worries among some top ODM and PNU figures. Leaked draft of Kenya National Commission on Human Rights report into post-election violence named 219 individuals allegedly involved, including top officials. Parliament 23 Oct passed bill for truth, justice and reconciliation commission (TJRC). New inter-clan fighting mid-Oct killed up to 20 in Mandera in north east; at least 200 reportedly injured in brutal govt response. UN report 5 Oct said Kenya imported heavy weaponry without reporting to UN as stipulated in international agreements.

Violence continued, with dozens killed in Mogadishu during month; Transitional Federal Govt (TFG) stronghold of Baidoa under Al-Shabaab attack; UN driver killed in southern port Merca 7 Oct. Some 450 Burundian AU peacekeepers arrived in Mogadishu by plane 11 Oct. Further reports of govt forces’ defections to Islamic Courts. TFG and faction of Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ARS) 26 Oct signed ceasefire in Djibouti and agreed to national unity govt, dependent on Ethiopian troop withdrawal by early 2009 and AU/UN force. TFG given series of conditions to fulfil by Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) meeting in Nairobi 29 Oct; ARS representatives also in attendance. U.S. late Oct called for extension of TFG mandate, set to expire within 6 months. Ethiopia’s opposition increased pressure on govt to withdraw troops from Somalia; calls rejected by PM Meles, but said would adhere to withdrawal schedule. Fighting reported between Islamic Courts and Al-Shabaab 19 Oct near Mogadishu. Kenya announced 9 Oct will train up to 10,000 Somali troops, drawing threat of attack from Somali Islamists. Stand-off continued between pirates of Ukrainian tank carrier and growing international naval presence. EU 2 Oct agreed to establish anti- piracy operation off Somali coast, to deploy Dec, planned to last a year. UNSC 7 Oct resolution called for states to combat piracy; NATO sent 7 warships mid-month. Woman stoned to death 27 Oct in Islamist-held Kismayo. Some 30 killed in near- simultaneous suicide car bombings in Bossaso (Puntland) and Hargeisa (Somaliland) 29 Oct (see Somaliland).

Govt 16 Oct announced new “Sudan Peace Initiative” for Darfur; rebel groups, opposition parties boycotted. JEM 8 Oct still undecided on participation in Qatar peace talks, insisted on UN and AU involvement, said no ceasefire prior to peace deal. SLM and Sudan National Liberation Movement (SNLM) 15 Oct announced reunification emphasising Darfuri rebel unity. UN 18 Oct said Sept violence displaced 50,000 in northern Darfur. 2 UNAMID peacekeepers killed 6 and 30 Oct; UNSG Ban said further UNAMID deployment delayed due to security situation. ICC pre-trial chamber held first meeting with ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo 1 Oct on application for President Bashir arrest warrant; later asked Moreno- Ocampo for additional information by 17 Nov. Sudanese official 12 Oct said militia commander Ali Kushayb, wanted by ICC, was in custody; domestic investigation completed but unclear whether would stand trial. Moreno-Ocampo 17 Oct announced imminent request for ICC indictment against Darfur rebel commanders for attacking AU peacekeepers. UNSG Ban 28 Oct called for more UNMIS peacekeepers for South Sudan. Fears that Khartoum and Govt of South Sudan (GoSS) rearming in violation of CPA, with Kenya and GoSS denying reports that arms on pirated Ukrainian ship (see Somalia) destined for GoSS via Kenya. 9 Chinese oil workers taken hostage 19 Oct in South Kordofan region; 5 killed, 2 missing, 2 escaped.

Pressure mounted for military action against LRA rebels, but no progress towards concluding peace deal. Ban on aid deliveries to LRA strongholds in the north remained in place, prompting LRA leadership to claim govt reneging on Apr pledges. South Sudan leader Salva Kiir 8 Oct demanded chief mediators Riek Machar and UN envoy Chissano provide timeframe for deal before “other options” pursued. Vicious attacks, abductions by reported LRA rebels from DRC bases continued: at least 6 killed in 18-19 Oct raids near Dungu, DRC mid-month; UN said up to 50,000 displaced, some 50 killed, scores abducted since mid-Sept. ICC renewed call for arrest of LRA leadership, questioned DRC efforts to execute warrants.

Stalemate over ministerial appointments intensified and 15 Sept power-sharing deal with MDC party leaders threatened to unravel after ZANU-PF party leader President Mugabe 11 Oct unilaterally claimed all key posts. MDC head Tsvangirai 12 Oct vowed to withdraw unless received home affairs ministry, which confers control over ZANU-PF dominated police. 4-day rescue talks overseen by lead mediator Mbeki and 27 Oct regional SADC summit failed to broker compromise; SADC troika talks earlier postponed after ZANU-PF-dominated authorities failed to issue Tsvangirai passport. Parliament forced to adjourn late month due to insufficient funds. Police brutally suppressed 200-strong 14 Oct student protests outside parliament, arrested further 47 activists calling for political settlement. Rights group 31 Oct said humanitarian crisis, food shortages intensifying. Tsvangirai and independent watchdog ZESN condemned electoral commission plans to hold by-elections for 6 vacant seats, citing provisions of 15 Sept deal and need for pause after severe election violence in Apr-June. EU, U.S. threatening to extend targeted sanctions against ZANU-PF hardliners if Mugabe reneges on Sept pledge.

Electoral officials said 30 Nov presidential elections “impossible” due to major delays in voter identification and disarmament. UN SRSG Choi called for momentum to be maintained, while UNSC 29 Oct renewed arms embargo and targeted sanctions, promising to review after poll. Registration process suspended 23-24 Oct after attacks on electoral offices. Inter-party talks on deal to supplement March 2007 Ouagadougou peace agreement started 14 Oct, focusing on status of ex-rebel FN fighters and stalled military reform program.

First parliamentary elections since independence, set for Dec, again postponed; voter registration yet to begin. Opposition UFR accused govt of stalling to retain control amid waning support. President Conté replaced finance and security ministers in further summary dismissals following May sacking of PM Kouyaté. In Conakry, 2 shot dead by police during 10 Oct protests against foreign bauxite firm's alleged failure to deliver promised public services. 1 killed in reported spate of attacks along Sierra Leone border by armed militiamen. UN anti-narcotics chief warned country surpassing Guinea-Bissau as region’s trafficking hub.

UN USG Pascoe reported “uneasy calm” ahead of 16 Nov elections, while UNSC statement issued 15 Oct focused on threat posed by thriving drugs trade to future security. UNSG Ban earlier called for UN panel to consider targeted sanctions. Complaints of numerous omissions on voter rolls.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission 13 Oct survey stressed threat of return to civil war posed by rising land tensions, also governance failures and unemployment. Followed 6 Oct armed stand-off between communities locked in year-long land dispute, Voinjama district. Son of Charles Taylor and U.S. citizen Chuckie Taylor convicted in Miami for torture during involvement in Liberia’s 1999-2004 civil war.

Independent panel 13 Oct submitted report to govt with recommendations for improving democratic conditions and electoral practices. 2 Austrian hostages held by suspected Al- Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb militants since March freed late month.

Govt issued ban on public protests following 19 Oct mass demonstrations in Niamey calling for release of ex-PM Amadou, detained since June on corruption charges. Amadou and supporters accuse President Tandja of seeking to remove rival. Low-level insurgency by Tuareg rebel group MNJ continued in uranium-rich north; 4 soldiers abducted, 3 killed in 8 Oct assault on convoy. Radio journalist Kaka released 7 Oct after year-long detention over alleged MNJ links; trial on reduced charges expected. MSF late month announced plan to pull out of country due to govt’s continued ban on activities, imposed July.

Violence in oil-producing Niger Delta dropped from Sept peak, following late Sept military crackdown and increased pressure from regional elders, but deadly attacks frequent. 17 killed in 8 and 16 Oct clashes between Joint Task Force troops and masked gunmen in Rivers State; 98 crew kidnapped when 8 oil vessels hijacked in Bayelsa State waters 13 Oct amid wave of abductions targeting oil workers, politicians. President Yar’Adua 29 Oct sacked 20 ministers in first phase of long-awaited cabinet reshuffle. Suspicion over Yar’Adua’s commitment to anti-corruption drive grew after Economic and Financial Crimes Commission head 23 Oct said no files relating to previous allegations against ex-President Obasanjo and former governors exist, overshadowing series of high-level arrests and investigations throughout Oct. Supreme Court 23 Oct deferred verdict on prolonged trial over legitimacy of President Yar’Adua’s 2007 election. Signs of post-handover instability in Bakassai Peninsula: Bakassi Freedom Fighters gunmen reportedly attacked off-shore oil vessels, kidnapping crew 31 Oct.

President Koroma 14 Oct announced inquiry into corruption in previous administration; opposition SLPP claim govt will use for “witch-hunt” against opposition.

U.S. and Human Rights Watch further criticised new NGO law. UK characterised Ethiopian govt’s reaction to food crisis as “deny and delay”. Aid workers in Somali region reported govt actively frustrating efforts to reach worst- affected.

Over 25 killed, scores injured in coordinated suicide car bombings in Hargeisa 29 Oct, targeting Ethiopian embassy, UN offices and presidential palace; foreign workers being evacuated. Same-day car bombings believed to be connected hit security services in Bossasso, Puntland, killing at least 3. U.S. suggested al-Qaeda responsible, operating through Al-Shabaab; Muslim cleric arrested 30 Oct in Bossaso. 1 killed, 1 wounded 25 Oct after police fired on crowd in Borama during voter registration for March 2009 general elections; registration halted following 29 Oct attacks.

King Mswati III reappointed ally Barnabas Dlamini as PM, brother Guduza Dlamini as parliamentary speaker following Sept’s controversial parliamentary elections, which saw widespread protests against country’s absolute monarchy. PM’s swearing-in 10 Oct briefly halted after MP pledged allegiance to “Swazi nation”, in rebuke to King. International civil society conferences in Manzini opened 16 Oct after High Court ruled against govt ban on political meetings; King Mswati same day promised to “strangle” political dissidents.

Djibouti/Eritrea: Djibouti President Omar Guelleh 23 Oct told UNSC war only option unless UN takes action on border dispute with Eritrea. Asmara denied occupying Djibouti’s territory; UNSC members appealed for negotiations.

After DPRK accepted proposed protocol for verification of disablement, Washington 11 Oct removed from “state sponsors of terrorism” list. Protocol covers both plutonium and uranium activity; critics note mutual consent needed for visits to undeclared sites. Move followed 1-3 Oct Pyongyang visit by chief U.S. envoy Christopher Hill. DPRK resumed disablement work 14 Oct. North-South relations remain chilly; South Korea called premature end to 2 Oct bilateral military talks.

U.S. 3 Oct announced it would proceed with long-delayed $6b arms sale -- half the original proposed amount and excludes technologies Taiwan does not already possess. Beijing protested decision and said 7 Oct would forego some cross-strait high-level visits and military-to- military cooperation. Taiwan President Ma vowed 21 Oct no cross-strait war in coming 4 years. Taipei sharply condemned 21 Oct attack on senior Chinese envoy visiting Taiwan.

Series of ambitious attacks by hundreds of Taliban on positions in Lashkar Gah in Helmand thwarted. Taliban claimed mid-month beheading of some 30 men, allegedly soldiers, taken off buses on the Kandahar highway; families said were migrant workers headed to Iran. Kabul repeatedly targeted: including shooting of female Christian aid worker 20 Oct, suicide attack on information ministry 30 Oct killing 5, high-profile kidnappings. Parliament confirmed cabinet reshuffle 20 Oct; Hanif Atmar appointed new interior minister (formerly education minister). 9 Afghan soldiers reported killed 22 Oct by U.S. airstrike. Suicide bombing in Baghlan police station 27 Oct killed 2 U.S. soldiers, 1 child. U.S. Senate 2 Oct confirmed dual-hatting of ISAF commander Gen McKiernan over U.S. OEF-Afghanistan forces; special forces and oversight of detainees kept under separate reporting lines. Gen Petraeus took over U.S. CENTCOM regional command 31 Oct charged with leading rethink of international effort.

Awami League (AL) 15 Oct filed registration papers ahead of 18 Dec national polls; Jamaat-e-Islami and BNP followed suit on 20 Oct deadline. Parties continue to call for end to state of emergency. AL head Sheikh Hasina denied bail 30 Oct, which could bar her from polls, but vowed to stand; BNP head Khaleda Zia charged election commission with bias, called on all officials to resign. Legal challenges to govt’s redrawing of constituency boundaries threatened to delay announcement of detailed schedule for polls, required 45 days before poll date. Elsewhere, 14 killed in 21 Oct bombing in Imphal, Manipur state; officials blamed Myanmar-based People’s Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), stated need to seal border. In Tripura state, 1 Oct bomb blasts killed 2.

Further political progress between Islamabad and New Delhi, but few improvements on ground. India praised remarks by Pakistan President Zardari that India posed no threat, Kashmir militants represented “terrorists”. National security advisers met in New Delhi 14 Oct, agreed to prepare joint counter-terrorism strategy. Trade across Line of Control began 21 Oct along Srinagar-Muzaffarabad road; crossings limited to 1 day per week. Indian govt 19 Oct announced state polls in Jammu & Kashmir in 7 phases between 17 Nov-24 Dec; All Parties Hurriyat Conference and Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front to boycott.

3 small bombings in south east, as low-level unrest continued in Tarai: 14 Oct bombing in Chandranigahapur market killed 3. Govt 28 Oct announced long-awaited formation of multiparty committee to oversee integration/rehabilitation of Maoist combatants; first major step towards decision on combatants’ future. UNSG’s 24 Oct report noted UNMIN’s aim to finish operations by Jan 2009 end of mandate dependent on progress towards resolving combatant issue; UNSG Ban urged progress in 1 Nov visit.

Parliament in 22 Oct joint session passed unanimous resolution calling extremism, militancy and terrorism grave threat to country’s stability and stressing territory would not be used for attacks on other countries. Resolution called on military to end operations in north west. Chief of Frontier Corps 25 Oct said operations underway in Bajaur might last over a year; later changed assessment to end Nov 2008, after widespread criticism. Foreign ministry lodged formal protest 29 Oct calling on U.S. to stop missile attacks in Pakistan; drone in S Waziristan 27 Oct killed 20, 31 Oct killed 21. Govt 26 Oct announced roadmap for resolution of conflict in Balochistan centred on rebuilding institutions and redistributing natural resource revenues through constitutional changes. Magnitude 6.4 earthquake near Quetta, Balochistan 29 Oct killed over 200.

Fighting in Vanni yielded limited gains for govt forces as monsoon rains hindered advances on de facto LTTE capital Kilinochchi. Only 2 UN-sponsored convoys allowed into region since international NGOs and UN forced to withdraw in Sept; some other supplies channelled through govt, but conditions for 200,000 displaced remain dire. Strong statements from New Delhi called for greater protection of civilians, active pursuit of political solution. India 27 Oct announced 800 tonnes of food aid to north. Tensions between TMVP leaders Karuna and Pillayan intensified after Karuna joined parliament 7 Oct; related clashes broke out between their factions in east. LTTE launched 2 air attacks 29 Oct on oil tanks near Colombo, military base near Mannar; little damage reported.

GAM founder Hasan di Tiro made return visit to Aceh 11 Oct for first time in 30 years amid heightened tensions between Indonesian military and GAM. 2 British MPs established “International Parliamentarians for West Papua” 15 Oct; pro-independence demonstrations followed in Papua, several arrested. Terror group arrested 21 Oct, reportedly planning to bomb Jakarta oil depot.

UNSG Ban 7 Oct suggested follow-up visit to Myanmar would only be possible if UN given signals it would produce tangible results, including progress towards national reconciliation and release of political prisoners. In 30 Oct New Delhi speech, Ban suggested greater Indian involvement in efforts to resolve conflict in Myanmar. Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) in Beijing 25 Oct issued joint statement calling for “inclusive political process” including lifting of restrictions on political parties.

Further blow to Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) on Moro Muslim ancestral domain after Supreme Court 14 Oct declared it unconstitutional. Philippine army operations continued against rogue MILF rebels in Mindanao: 300 now reported killed in 2 months of fighting since Court’s halting of MoA. 14 Oct decision criticised govt negotiator’s failure to undertake broader consultations, after petition filed by Catholic politicians challenged the agreement.

Political crisis deepened as bitter anti-govt demonstrations continued, and turned deadly 7 Oct. Demonstrators led by People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD) have blockaded newly elected PM Somchai’s office, calling on him to dissolve govt. Protests peaked 7 Oct when demonstrators sought to block opening session of parliament; violent clashes with police killed 2, injured some 400. Queen Sirikit presided over dead protestor’s funeral. Army chief Gen. Anupong called on Somchai to resign 16 Oct; Somchai continues to attract protests. Ousted PM Thaksin found guilty in absentia 21 Oct for abuse of office, sentenced to 2 years imprisonment. 15 Oct gun battle on Cambodian border killed 2 as dispute over Preah Vihear temple intensified.

Australian defence minister announced 100 of 750 Australian members of the international stabilisation force would return home early next year.

Dalai Lama envoys headed to Beijing 30 Oct to resume talks held in July; China said only willing to discuss return of Dalai Lama, Tibetans want broader talks including future status of Tibet.

In Assam, some 13 explosions 30 Oct killed over 60, injured some 300 in Guwahati and elsewhere; no immediate claims of responsibility. Clashes there between military and United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) rebels 25- 26 Oct saw 5 rebels killed. Separate inter-communal violence between Bodo tribes and Muslim settlers in state 3-7 Oct killed 53, displaced tens of thousands; worst violence in 25 years.

First multiparty polls 8 and 28 Oct saw 87% turnout, unseated President Maumoon Gayoom after 30 years of one- leader rule. President-elect Mohamed Nasheed, who won 54% of run-off, and Gayoom pledged peaceful transition.

Defence Minister Danial Akhmetov, following 15 Oct meeting with NATO SG Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, signalled possible greater involvement in ISAF mission in Afghanistan. 30-strong Kazakh military unit in Iraq pulled out 21 Oct after 5-year operation. U.S. Sec State Rice in Almaty early Oct for talks on energy, security. Kazakh state-owned oil and gas company suggested closer coordination with Iran.

Local elections 5 Oct saw opposition and NGO allegations that results falsified to ensure Ak Zhol party victory and 30 Sept disappearance of opposition MP. Head of security council resigned mid-month after publicly criticising President Bakiyev administration. Bakiyev in Germany late Oct for medical treatment. Some 1,000 protested in southern town Noorkat 1 Oct, over official insensitivity to Muslim needs. Russian President Medvedev in Bishkek 9 Oct for energy and security talks, including agreement on sale of 75% of state-owned natural gas company to Russian Gazprom. Central Asian countries meeting in Bishkek 18 Oct agreed to coordinate use of water and energy over winter.

President Rakhmon engineered removal of powerful renegade chief of local organised crime department Col. Mirzokhoja Akhmadov, implicated in Feb shooting of special police unit (OMON) commander in Garm. UN appeal for emergency assistance, over possibly severe winter food shortages, so far met limited response.

Independent audit confirmed South Tolotan-Osman oil and gas fields in Amy Darya basin possibly 4th or 5th largest in world; news tempered by concerns over energy infrastructure and conditions for foreign investors. Reformist dissident Gulgeldy Annaniyazov 7 Oct sentenced 11 years in prison.

EU FMs 13 Oct voted to allow Nov expiration of post-2005 Andijon massacre travel ban on 8 officials citing “improving” human rights record and “encouragement” for future; arms embargo to continue. Security chief Rustam Inoyatov in Germany late Oct; visit condemned by rights groups. Govt media liberalisation forum 2-3 Oct widely criticised as empty exercise; 2 rights activists jailed in month. Govt announced plans to reduce cotton exports and growing area.

Face-to-face peace talks continued throughout month with weekly meetings. UN Special Envoy Alexander Downer said progress made in 13 Oct power-sharing talks. Both sides 14 Oct cancelled annual military exercises as confidence-building measure. Greek Cypriot leader Christofias 8 Oct rejected confederation of 2 separate states, citing danger of weakening central govt.

Trial of 86 members of ultra-nationalist Ergenekon network accused of plotting coup started 20 Oct. Justice Minister Mehmet Ali Sahin 14 Oct apologised for “ill treatment” following death of leftist activist Engin Ceber in police custody. Renewed strikes against PKK forces after 17 soldiers killed in 3 Oct attack on Aktütün border post near Iraq– deadliest attack in a year. Ambush on police bus 8 Oct in Diyarbakir region killed 5. Army reported at least 21 soldiers, 78 PKK dead in clashes throughout month. Further raids into northern Iraq after parliament 8 Oct extended mandate for cross-border strikes. Violent pro-PKK protests in several Kurdish southeastern towns targeted Erdogan visit to region and left 1 protester dead 20 Oct. Turkish officials 14 Oct in Baghdad met Kurdistan Regional Govt President Masoud Barzani – first such meeting. U.S. State Secretary Rice in separate meeting with Barzani 28 Oct discussed cooperation with Turkey against PKK fighters in north Iraq. Turkey 25 Oct won seat on UNSC.

Russian President Medvedev made first Yerevan visit 20-21 Oct. Opposition leader Ter-Petrosian at 17 Oct rally in capital announced temporary halt to protests in wake of renewed Nagorno-Karabakh resolution efforts, accused govt of “putting Karabakh up for sale” to secure Western support (see Nagorno-Karabakh). Georgia closed airspace to Russian military transport planes supplying Russian base in Armenia. Under increased domestic and international pressure, President Sargisian 23 Oct established independent commission to investigate March post-election violence, with equal opposition representation.

President Aliyev re-elected 15 Oct with 89% of vote – turnout at 77% despite opposition boycott; OSCE monitors noted “considerable progress” but poll “characterised by lack of robust competition and political discourse”. PACE delegation head Andreas Herkel voiced harsh criticism.

In aftermath of August war, EU monitoring mission confirmed Russian withdrawal from territory adjacent to South Ossetia (SO) and Abkhazia by 10 Oct deadline – around 7,600 Russian troops to remain in breakaway regions. EU mission blocked from SO, amid separatist authorities’ accusations that observers ignored “Georgian provocations”. Tbilisi 29 Oct denied BBC findings of war crimes against SO civilians. Security situation around conflict zones still fragile with car bomb in Tskhinvali 3 Oct killing 9 Russian troops. Near Abkhazia, local official and 2 civilians killed in blast 25 Oct, following fatal shootings 24 Oct of local official in Gali district and 22 Oct of Abkhaz defence ministry’s intelligence unit chief Eduard Emin-Zade. Geneva talks on future security arrangements broke down 15 Oct over attendance of separatist authorities. EU special envoy Pierre Morel visited Tbilisi and Moscow 25-28 Oct to negotiate new talks format. UNSC 9 Oct extended UNOMIG mandate for 4 months. Internal political struggle continued with growing opposition pressure: President Saakashvili 27 Oct replaced PM Gurgenidze with former ambassador to Turkey Grigol Mgaloblishvili; 4 other ministers dismissed. Influential former parliamentary speaker Burjanadze 29 Oct announced launch of new opposition party. At 22 Oct Brussels conference donors pledged $4.55b. Parliamentary commission to investigate Aug events started hearings 23 Oct.

EU senior diplomat Kalman Miszei 6 Oct announced start of negotiations for new partnership agreement with Moldova by year end. NATO head de Joop Scheffer 30 Oct called on Russia to withdraw troops from Transdniester as agreed at 1999 OSCE Istanbul summit.

Republika Srpska (RS) assembly in special session 15 Oct considered RS status within Bosnia; move condemned by High Representative Lajcak and others. 5 Oct local election results: in RS largely dominated by RS PM Milorad Dodik’s Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD); in Federation mainly Bosniak Party of Democratic Action (SDA). Bosnian Serb ex-policeman Vaso Todorovic found guilty by Bosnian court of aiding and abetting executions and forcible transfer of Bosniak civilians from Srebrenica, sentenced to 6 years after plea bargain. Small bomb at Vitez supermarket 9 Oct killed 1, injured 3.

Serbian President Tadic 21 Oct called for “compromise”for Kosovo resolution, said Serbia has no problem with EULEX mission provided it: operates under UN mandate, does not apply Ahtisaari plan and is status-neutral. EU Special Representative Peter Feith 15 Oct said EULEX could receive some form of UN approval. EU said mission will be operational in Dec; UNMIK announced handover of head office in Pristina; U.S. and EU 22 Oct agreed on U.S. participation in mission. UN General Assembly 8 Oct approved Serbian request for ICJ advisory opinion on Kosovo’s independence: 77 supported, 6 opposed, 74 abstained. ICJ 21 Oct gave UN member states 6 months to submit views. Macedonia and Montenegro recognised Kosovo 9 Oct, provoking violent anti-Kosovo rallies in latter. UNMIK 3 Oct reopened north Mitrovica court after March violence. 5 injured 30 Oct after clash between Kosovo Serbs and Albanians in north Mitrovica.

UN mediator Matthew Nimetz suggested new name options at 7-8 Oct joint meeting with Greek and Macedonian representatives in New York, including “Republic of Northern Macedonia”, after Greece again rejected dual- name solution; proposals later rejected by both countries. Political parties agreed on March 2009 schedule for presidential and local elections, electoral and constitutional reforms, including voter turnout threshold cut from 50 to 40%; unanimously adopted by parliament 22 Oct. 9 jailed, including former commander of rebel ethnic Albanian fighters, for role in June election violence.

Govt 16 Oct decided to start implementing EU Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) reforms in Jan 2009, in spite of deal being frozen by EU in Sept. Dutch FM said Netherlands would continue to block SAA until Mladic arrest. Interior Minister Ivica Dacic 1 Nov called on Mladic, Hadzic to surrender to police. Serbia expelled Montenegrin and Macedonian ambassadors following countries’ early Oct recognition of Kosovo. Govt 1 Oct signed “security agreement” with NATO, precondition for Partnership for Peace membership in 2009.

President Yushchenko 9 Oct dissolved parliament, ordered snap poll in Dec; but temporarily reconvened to consider IMF $16.5b financial rescue package – adopted 31 Oct. In same session parliament blocked funds for early elections. Yushchenko 24 Oct rejected Russian proposal to extend Black Sea Fleet lease in Crimea beyond 2017 expiration.

Renewed negotiation with Russian President Medvedev’s 21 Oct offer to host fresh peace talks 2 Nov in Moscow. Visiting Yerevan 3 Oct, Russian FM Sergey Lavrov said “very real chance” for resolving conflict if agreement reached on remaining “two or three” issues. Armenian forces 8 Oct reportedly captured Azerbaijani soldier.

In effort to prevent further isolation of Belarus, EU FMs 13 Oct suspended travel bans on President Lukashenka, senior officials for 6 months; External Relations Commissioner Ferrero-Waldner met with FM Martynau in Luxembourg. Supreme court upheld August 3-year sentence on U.S. lawyer Emmanuel Zeltser accused of espionage. Ahead of Nov merger of aerial defence system with Russia, Lukashenko 23 Oct accused NATO of fuelling tensions.

Situation in Ingushetia further deteriorating with steady increase in violence, growing pressure on govt institutions. Attacks on President Zyazikov, interior minister and relatives continued after Sept blood vengeance declaration by family of opposition website owner Magomed Yevloyev, who died in police custody. Russian President Medvedev 30 Oct dismissed Zyazikov, named ethnic Ingush Col. Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, former senior military intelligence officer, acting president. Targeted militant attacks on state officials saw at least 2 senior police and 2 other officials killed. At least 3 soldiers left dead after 19 Oct guerrilla ambush on army convoy near Galashki village – unconfirmed reports suggested 40 casualties. At least 10 civilians, 1 police abducted by militants 19 Oct in Ordzhonikidzevskaya. Risk of inter-ethnic tensions with Ingush political forces increasingly recalling 1992 Ossetian “genocide” against ethnic Ingush. In Dagestan, gunmen 21 Oct killed 5 police near Makhachkala. In Kabardino-Balkaria region, security forces 7 Oct killed 2 militants.

20,000 protested 25 Oct in 6 towns against Supreme Court ban on independence vote. ETA suspected of series of bombs: 2 small explosions 25 Oct at Berriz, Amorebieta train stations; 4 Oct blast at Tolosa regional court, no injuries. Car bomb 30 Oct at Navarra University, Pamplona injured 17. 4 alleged ETA activists arrested 28 Oct in Pamplona, Valencia.

Militant attacks throughout month left at least 3 security forces dead. Roadside bomb 19 Oct killed 1 soldier. Security forces 9 Oct shot dead 1 militant near Stary Achkhoi village.

Agreement on constitutional referendum offers hope of resolving protracted political crisis that left dozens dead in Sept clashes. Govt-opposition talks failed early month, but compromise over new constitution text eventually reached. Congress 20 Oct passed law with two thirds of vote, setting referendum for 25 Jan 2009, new general elections Dec 2009. Almost 100 articles modified in new charter, including increasing regional autonomy. President Morales accepted will stand for re-election only in 2009, renounced possible 2014 third term.

Army 26 Oct rescued ex-Congressman Oscar Lizcano after he escaped from FARC captivity. FARC suspected in several urban bombings throughout month: 1 killed in 13 Oct Neiva blast. Govt 30 Oct dismissed 2 generals, 24 soldiers suspected of killing 11 civilians to infl army statistics on left- wing rebels killed; investigation opened. President Uribe 10 Oct declared “state of internal disorder” after judicial workers’ strike stalled court proceedings across country; 45-day strike ended 15 Oct after govt yielded to salary demands. 12,000 indigenous people in late-month Cali protest demanding land; 3 killed in clashes with police. Congress 29 Oct rejected constitutional amendment allowing Uribe to stand for 2010 re- election.

Govt 20 Oct officially adopted new constitution; general elections set for Feb 2009. President Correa 4 Oct rejected Colombia President Uribe’s claims Ecuador not doing enough to combat left-wing guerilla camps; Uribe refused to attend 14 Oct Andean Community Summit in Quito. Tensions with Brazil continued over Sept expulsion of Brazilian company Odebrecht.

President Chávez stepped up harsh rhetoric ahead of 23 Nov local and regional elections: 25 Oct accused opposition leader Manuel Rosales of ties to terrorism and corruption, threatened “military action” if opposition wins in Zulia state. Govt 28 Oct opened corruption probe into Rosales– he said politically motivated. Analysts warned falling oil prices could severely threaten economy.

UNSC 14 Oct extended MINUSTAH mandate 1 year. Humanitarian situation critical after devastating Sept storms; death toll over 800, damages estimated $1b.

Shining Path rebels launched deadliest attacks in almost a decade: 12 soldiers, 2 civilians killed 10 Oct in Huancavelica province; 2 soldiers killed 14 Oct in Vizcatan. Attacks linked to renewed military offensive against rebels in Vizcatan beginning Aug. Cabinet replaced mid-Oct due to corruption scandal; President Alan Garcia 11 Oct appointed new PM, Yehude Simon, of centre-left PHP party.

Syrian and Lebanese FMs signed document 15 Oct announcing start of diplomatic relations – first since independence from France in 1940s. Embassies to be opened before year end. Move welcomed in UNSG’s report on Lebanon to UNSC, which also urged improved border security and halt to paramilitary build-up. Hizbollah leader Nasrallah and “March 14” movement leader Saad Hariri held talks 26 Oct ahead of national dialogue session due in early Nov. Suspects in deadly Aug and Sept Tripoli bombings targeting military arrested 12 Oct; warrants for others sought, linked to Fatah Islam. U.S. and Lebanon set up new bilateral commission to oversee military relations and assistance.

Unprecedented U.S. helicopter raid 26 Oct inside Syrian territory on Iraq border drew strong criticism. Damascus said raid killed 8 civilians. U.S. officials said it targeted and killed top al-Qaeda in Iraq figure running weapons, fighters through Syria. Thousands protested in Damascus 30 Oct. Events in sharp contrast with earlier signs including FM Moallem meetings in U.S. end Sept. Syria 1 Oct urged greater security cooperation on Lebanon border to address smuggling, following deadly 27 Sept Damascus car-bombing; more Syrian troops reportedly moved to eastern Lebanon border. President Assad signed decree 15 Oct establishing diplomatic relations with Beirut (see Lebanon).

Despite Sept UNSC resolution again calling for halt to uranium enrichment, FM Mottaki 5 Oct said Iran would not stop even if guaranteed nuclear fuel from abroad. Positioning commenced for presidential polls due 19 June, with former speaker Mehdi Karroubi announcing challenge 12 Oct, former president Khatami suggesting possible candidacy. President Ahmadi-Nejad widely expected to run, has backing from Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei. Continuing economic problems compounded by falling oil prices, underlined by strike against proposed VAT by traders in main bazaars – first bazaari strike since 1979 revolution. Tehran and Baghdad signed agreement to share information regarding missing persons from 1980-88 war. U.S. announced further sanctions on Revolutionary Guard Corps and Iranian bank.

Presidency council approved new provincial council elections law, clearing way for polls in 14 governorates (excluding Kirkuk) by 31 Jan 2009. UN 27 Oct proposed plan to parliament to reserve some council seats for minorities. Assassinations and threats against Christians in east Mosul mid-month triggered exodus of over 2,200 families to Christian towns in Ninewa plain. Local security forces, dominated by Kurdish parties, reportedly failed to intervene and accused al-Qaeda in Iraq, which uncharacteristically not only denied but denounced the attacks. U.S. and Iraqi forces commenced new offensive in Mosul. Security in Babil and Wasit provinces handed over to Iraqis. Govt 29 Oct demanded changes in draft long-term security deal with U.S. – UN MNF-I mandate to expire end Dec – including ban on using Iraqi territory to attack neighbours, following 26 Sept U.S. strike on Syria (see Syria), and clarity on Iraqi jurisdiction over crimes committed off-base by U.S. troops, contractors. Bombings continued, including at least 20 dead in Shiite mosque attack in Baghdad 2 Oct, some 10 in female suicide bombing in Baquba 8 Oct, but security incidents generally down. Turkish bombardments of PKK bases along Iraq border continued, after ambush killed 17 soldiers (see Turkey).

In continuing campaign against jihadism, interior minister said authorities had started to bring to court 991 prisoners detained on terrorism charges. 24 Oct OPEC decision to reduce output will require nearly 0.5m bpd cut by kingdom.

President Saleh 6 Oct said arrested terrorist cell had links to Israeli intelligence – Israel dismissed as “ridiculous”. Details unclear, but statement reportedly refers to 6 suspects detained after deadly 17 Sept attack on U.S. embassy in Sanaa. Houthi Shiite rebel sources 21 Oct said military blocking humanitarian supplies from reaching areas in northern Saada region. Human Rights Watch in 24 Oct report said “hundreds” unlawfully arrested or disappeared since 2004 start to Houthi conflict, increased 2007-early 2008. Opposition coalition 8 Oct rejected “illegitimate” electoral commission, threatened to boycott 2009 parliamentary elections; govt stated intention to hold dialogue on issue.

Israeli elections set for 10 Feb 2009 as new Kadima party leader, FM Livni, failed to build coalition. PM Olmert in office until govt formed. President Peres met with Egyptian President Mubarak in Cairo 23 Oct; supported “spirit” of 2002 Arab League initiative. Riots and clashes between Arab and Jewish communities in coastal city Acre followed 8 Oct incident during Yom Kippur festival. Jewish settlers clashed with police, Palestinians in Hebron, amid continued attacks on Palestinian farmers. After weeks of talks with Palestinian factions, Egypt 20 Oct released draft proposal to end Hamas-Fatah rift including consensus govt, agreement on election timing and inclusion of Hamas in PLO – factions to discuss early Nov. In West Bank, Palestinian Authority (PA) increased arrests of Hamas personnel. President Abbas 21 Oct removed intelligence head Tawfiq Tirawi. PA deployed additional 550 security personnel in Hebron 25 Oct. In Ramallah Israeli forces 13-16 Oct killed 3 Palestinian youths accused of preparing firebombs. EU envoy Blair 12 Oct said Gaza banks near collapse. Israel closed Gaza crossings 22, 30 Oct following rocket attacks in violation of ceasefire.

President Bouteflika began campaign for constitutional amendment to secure third term in April 2009 presidential elections, amid strong condemnation from opposition RCD. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) staged further, small-scale attacks on military and police targets; 4 suspected AQIM members killed in 10 Oct police raid in western Tlemcen region. Up to 5000 rallied in Ghardaia demanding food and equipment after devastating flash floods early month.

Further 32 members of banned Muslim Brotherhood arrested 22 Oct over participation in protests against Gaza blockade. Signs of continuing Muslim and Coptic Christian tensions: 1 killed and 15 arrested in 3-4 Oct violent clashes in Al-Tayeba. Muslim man killed in attack on Cairo home allegedly by Christian relatives of wife, who had converted to Islam. UN reported some 40 killed over 2008 in smuggling tunnels between Gaza and Egypt.

Following ban on demonstrations, police 5 Oct brutally dispersed protests in Nouakchott calling for release of ex-President Abdellahi, deposed in Aug military coup. International pressure for restoration of constitutional order continued: U.S. imposed travel bans on junta members, EU and AU threatened sanctions after no progress towards release at EU 20 Oct meetings with leader: EU set 1 month deadline for release. Arrest of 6 suspected terrorists announced 27 Oct, no details given.

In 21 Oct resolution, UN called for intensification of status talks towards solution guaranteeing “self-determination” of region’s people. Both parties welcomed statement: Morocco as endorsement of autonomy plan, Polisario Front of independence.

47 convicted for involvement in 2007 Casablanca suicide bombing, while 30 others began trial for links to Al- Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), including alleged ringleader Abdelkader Belliraj. Rights groups condemned scale of AQIM arrests, alleging most held on flimsy evidence. After 9-year diplomatic effort from Rabat, EU leaders 13 Oct announced plans to grant Morocco “advanced status” and deepen economic, political ties.